japenisme

1.    Anime

Anime is the Japanese abbreviated pronunciation of "animation." In English-speaking countries, anime refers to a style of animation originating in Japan, characterized by colourful graphics and often featuring themes intended for an adult audience. The intended meaning of the word 'anime' sometimes varies, depending on the context. Both hand-drawn and computer-animated anime exist.

Anime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2012. Anime - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime. [Accessed 12 April 2012].

Google Image Result for http://images2.fanpop.com/image/photos/9100000/Eevee-evolutions-anime-pokemon-9116463-591-700.jpg. 2012. Google Image Result for http://images2.fanpop.com/image/photos/9100000/Eevee-evolutions-anime-pokemon-9116463-591-700.jpg. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://images2.fanpop.com/image/photos/9100000/Eevee-evolutions-anime-pokemon-9116463-591-700.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fanpop.com/spots/pokemon/images/9116463/title/eevee-evolutions-anime&usg=__3TGNTDFSWgMeOoC6UDd38--bc1M=&h=700&w=591&sz=64&hl=en&start=13&zoom=1&tbnid=TFLX1BScAEWOXM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=118&ei=jC6HT_HhLImxhAe7ztXMCA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Danime%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D610%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1. [Accessed 12 April 2012].

Google Image Result for http://www.graphicsgrotto.com/glittergraphics/anime/images/ganime11.gif. 2012. Google Image Result for http://www.graphicsgrotto.com/glittergraphics/anime/images/ganime11.gif. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.google.co.za/imgres?imgurl=http://www.graphicsgrotto.com/glittergraphics/anime/images/ganime11.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.graphicsgrotto.com/glittergraphics/anime/page2.php&usg=__aktWwExorqMWcPV28RhR3KzMwws=&h=449&w=319&sz=140&hl=en&start=18&zoom=1&tbnid=m-qAJ-4VkhlmwM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=90&ei=jC6HT_HhLImxhAe7ztXMCA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Danime%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1360%26bih%3D610%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1. [Accessed 12 April 2012].

2.    Manga

Manga is the Japanese word for "comics/cartoons" and consists of comics and print cartoons. In the West, the term "manga" has been appropriated to refer specifically to comics created in Japan, or by Japanese authors, in the Japanese language and conforming to the style developed in Japan in the late 19th century.In their modern form, manga date from shortly after World War II but they have a long, complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art.

In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres: action-adventure, romance, sports and games, historical drama, comedy, science fiction and fantasy, mystery, horror, sexuality, and business/commerce, among others. Since the 1950s, manga has steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007 (approximately $3.6 billion) and ¥420 billion ($5.5 billion) in 2009. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience. In Europe and the Middle East the market is worth $250 million. In 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market was valued at $175 million. The markets in France and the United States are about the same size. Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist (e.g. Colourful). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in paperback books called tankōbon. A manga artist (mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, although sometimes manga are drawn centring on previously existing live-action or animated films (e.g. Star Wars).

"Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan. However, manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in Taiwan ("manhua"), South Korea ("manhwa"), and China, notably Hong Kong ("manhua"). In France, "la nouvelle manga" has developed as a form of bande dessinée (literally drawn strip) drawn in styles influenced by Japanese manga. In the United States, people refer to what they perceive as manga "styled" comics as Amerimanga, world manga, or original English-language manga (OEL manga). Still, the original term "manga" is primarily used in English-speaking countries solely to describe comics of Japanese origin.

Manga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2012. Manga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/manga. [Accessed 12 April 2012].